Motivational Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Motivational Theories - Essay Example The X and Y theory The theory X and theory Y formulated by Douglas Mc Gregor in the year 1960 positions previous negative perceptions about employees (Theory X) against a positive outlook towards employees and mindset of individuals (Theory Y) eg: Theory X- People inherently dislike work. Theory Y - People view work as being as natural as play and rest. Motivator- Hygiene factors theory : The hygiene factors theory by Frederick Herzberg in the year 1966 is another path breaking concept which clearly listed the factors of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Most accurately explained as Motivator factors that increase job satisfaction and Hygiene factors whose absence can create job dissatisfaction. The essence of the theory is that hygiene factors are the essentials of any employee or an individual at work they are - Security, Salary, Supervision, Company policy, Working conditions and Peer relationship. On the other hand, motivator factors are - work itself, Responsibility, recognition, achievement, advancement and growth. However, the first two theories give a general insight about an individual's needs and perceptions to understand a human's psychology about work was the theory of Frederick Herzberg that clearly lists the requisites of any given job for an individual. The three needs theory -... The highlight of the theory is direct relation it draws to the relevance to the word "Motivation' or factors that motivate. In this case factors that motivate individuals to perform and succeed. The needs theory includes all factors that come from within an individual. Eg: Competitiveness, influence that one exerts on another, need for achievement, acceptance and friendship. Goal Setting theory and Equity theory: The goal setting theory by the Stacey Adams in the year 1965 states that specific goals set by any organization for an individual increases performance in the of sales the goal is monthly target of sale on products to be achieved. The theory further goes on to explain that acceptance of a difficult goal only results in higher performance, even when compared to a goal that is easily achievable. The equity theory is nothing but the simple equation that any individual draws between the efforts and rewards an individual is constantly trying to match both sides by reducing efforts or increasing the same depending on the rewards and recognition expected. Eg: If a sales representative sees the reward or recognition is receives after he meets the required monthly target is unequal to his effort or sincerity he is bound to under perform the following month. Expectancy Theory: This theory by Victor Vroom in the year 1964 aims to substantiate the motivation theory more accurately for any sales unit. Victor Vroom explains the theory in three simple questions: 1. How hard will I have to work - Effort 2. What is the reward - Reward 3. How attractive is the reward - Attractiveness of reward. Thus the above mentioned theories in one way of or the other help in understanding the various factors of

Management Research Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Research Project - Assignment Example Garman (2010). In their research, they elaborate resistance to organisational change and its impact. Similarly, Lloyd C. Harris, Andrew Crand (2002), Sjoerd Beugelsdijk, Arjen, Slangen, Marco van Herpen (2002), and Bernard Burnes (1996) have all conducted research on organisational change, motivation, and information communication technology. (b) Change and its impact on employees’ motivation are unavoidable. Recently, many factors have influenced the organisational environment and culture. Consequently, this impact has positively and negatively affected the employees’ motivation. However, for organisations, it is highly essential to provide congenial environment to employees as this will enable them to retain their level of motivation which will convince and direct them to achieve their job related goals and objectives. However, motivation is defined as a force enabling someone to work in a specified direction for obtaining a certain organisational objectives (Mills et al., 2007). In the same context, both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation has been separated as both have different types of impacts and benefits offered by organisations. For example, intrinsic motivation is doing something for one’s own sake (Jacobs, 1993). On the other hand, extrinsic motivation is externally provided incentive in w hich an employee is offered an incentive or reward for completing certain targets. The field of information communication technology (ICT) experiences more effects of changes than any other fields and it faces both positive and negative impacts of change for a number of reasons. For example, every day new advancements, softwares, methods, and techniques are being invented and the frequency of these changes is so fast that new version is hardly implemented and the latest version is developed. In this regard, Iyanda and Ojo (2008) carried out study over the impact of adopting new ICT on the motivation of employees in the Botswana organisations;